The concentration of people in city public hospitals comprises mainly rural population and the urban poor due to non-availability of quality healthcare services in specific geographies and economic constrain. It is also seen; the existing pressure on the urban government health facilities is merely an outcome of perceived satisfaction in spite of long waiting hours and cannot escape any out-of-pocket expenditures.

Bending of light and gravitational lensing are two important observational tools to explore the nature of intervening massive object. We see the braneworld scenario of our universe opens up the fascinating possibility of the existence of large extra spatial dimension. The braneworld black holes obey a modified mass-radius relationship compared to standard Schwarzschild black holes. Using the variational principle we calculate the bending angle of a light ray near the horizon of a braneworld black hole in the weak field limit. We next derive the expressions of several lensing quantities like the Einstein radius and the magnification for a point light source. The expressions are modified compared to the lensing quantities for standard Schwarzschild black holes and contain the scale of the extra dimensions.

Coal is one of the most important sources of energy since industrialization. The extraction of coal through opencast mining has posed a huge impact upon physical as well as cultural and social environment. In recent years, this impact has been a point of concern. The study highlights the general impact of mining operation on environment and society and their scientific remedial measures. Along with it, environmental management plans in the mining area are taken into concern that will minimize the impact of opencast mining over the environment. Sonepur Bazari Opencast mining area of Raniganj coalfield of Barddhaman district is taken under study to access the environmental and social impact of mining and suggesting adequate measure to combat with this problem.

In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight gender disparity in rural sector of India even prevailing after seventy years of the Independence. Such kind of disparity is common amongst the societies which lag behind considerably in various socio-economic parameters. Gender inequality states the situation when men and women are not in equal terms in respect of sex ratio, literacy rate, job opportunity, career option, work participation rate, empowerment and so on. Balurghat - a C D Block of Dakshin Dinajpur district of West Bengal has been selected as study area to understand the magnitude of the problem of disparity in rural areas of the state of West Bengal. In this block Mahinagar village is surveyed by the author for detail analysis of gender disparity.

Man, primarily applies his physical labour, then mental labour in creating a resource. However, culture adds a third dimension in resource creation. The importance of human resource has led to the growth of a new branch - 'Human Resource Development' by the developmental economists in the 1990's. Infrastructure on the other hand is the building base of any economy, the development and growth of which is dependent on the human resource of any region. However, the growing issue of regional imbalance poses bold challenge to the infrastructure planning of any region because it bears a close relationship with the human resource potential of any region. This is particularly alarming among the class I cities in the developing countries of the world. There is a huge array of wide inequality within the infrastructural parameters which bears a considerable impact on the economic status, standard of living as well as the overall well- being of the citizens. The present study is based on the empirical observation focused on the changing human resource pattern in some selected wards of Haldia city and its consequent impact on available infrastructural facilities of the region.

"Health is Wealth" gives expression to overall health status, economic prosperity and human development of a community. The population of developing countries depend much upon informal resources of health care. Due to the fear of high health care expenses and it's impoverishment impact people take self-medication or traditional resources for healing. These self-medications are very risky, mostly non-scientific and often of poor qualities for short-term beneficial treatment in compare to professional care. Presently Government of developing countries have started allocating higher percentage of their funding towards healthcare-sector by launching various Health Insurance Schemes in order to provide healthcare protection towards low income group of people in particular. But lack of awareness amongst common people creating obstacles for the successful launching of the Health Insurance Schemes. High income groups are suffering from high financial burden for costlier treatment due to huge out-of-pocket payment for outpatient. So in the developing countries the Health Insurance in case of both Private and Government Insurance Schemes are not effectively benefitting the insured beneficiaries and are unable to provide full health protection security to the population.