Upanisads are regarded as the foundation of spiritual development in Indian, and though encased in ancient Sanskrit literature. Upanisads (the authentic one) from a part of the Vedas. The last part of the Vedas is called the Upanisads. It is small in bulk but great in importance.

Three words are combined to form the term ‘Upanisads ‘.’ Upa’ , ’Ni’  and ‘Sad’ . ‘Upa’ means near. Knowledge of the Upanisada cannot be imparted from after. Nearness, togetherness, is essential for the propagation of knowledge.

 I found a few pomes of the great poet Rabindranath Tagore in my notes; they express very beautifully the vision filled with wonder of the person who is awakened to the presence of the Lord in his life, in nature and in himself. The teaching of the Uanisads about Isvara, lord, in our lives. It is thus enabling us to be aware of the presence of a Being, to which I, the world and all human beings are fundamentally connected to or in which all is united. Some particular type of poetry is a real bridge which enables us to see the presence of Isvara in everything and in our life, more I believe that it is impossible to bypass Isvara if one wants to gain serenity, joy and ultimately freedom.

 The teaching of the Upanisadas is very much needed in the present age for those who boast of the freedom enjoyed by their nations, using that freedom building up a dark world of spiritual blindness.

Winged bean has assumed considerable imp...

The word ‘environ’ seeks and presupposes to encircle a habitat with humankind at its centre. In the nineteenth-century, in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, and contemporary scientific discoveries and theories about man and his environment, the term began to assume an all-encompassing meaning—cultural, social, economic psychological, and moral circumstances. This paper attempts to re-locate the works of Elizabeth Gaskell within this changing context wherein she seeks to accommodate conflicting ideologies and discourses.

Since its inception, ‘comics’ or ‘comic strips’ have always been considered to be a mean for entertainment, humour and laughter. However, with the gradual transformation of the comic strips into graphic novels, a change in both the presentation and reception of the mode of graphic narratives can be perceived. The objective of this paper is to trace the development of the graphic narrative form in the context of one of the most decisive events of the current history, the Jewish Holocaust, and thus establish the validity of the graphic narratives beyond a mere form of adolescent entertainment.

Slop instability in the form of landslides and subsidence are common environmental hazard in the Darjeeling Himalayas as all the natural phenomena in the region are in favour of slope instability. The highly weathered steep slopes in such a rainy climate are further disturbed by anthropogenic activity and earthquake. Therefore slope failures along transport arteries are common, particularly during rains, frequently disturbing vehicular flow.

The concept of ‘social security’ has evolved through ages and has changed its meaning from time to time. The concept sometimes carries an opposite meaning between the tribal and modern society. The distinction between ‘tribal’ and so-called modern or ‘non-tribal’ society lies in terms of the outlook towards life and livelihood. The tribals prefer to stick to their own sense of values for years despite all the changes around as they put themselves in a more vulnerable position. The viewpoints of the modern society completely differ from that of the tribals. The word ‘development’ to the modern society means upgradation and satisfaction of the society in a broad sense but that unfortunately it seldom thinks about the groups of people who carry out their own style of lives and who are living outside the main stream.

Tribal society conceptualizes social security in its own indigenous way. Their concept hardly has changed its rudimentary meaning over years. These people are maintaining their life style and in their own sustainable manner.

The notion of non-tribal or modern society is otherwise. Conquer of new land, exploitation of natural resources to satisfy the growing population is the sole aim of these ‘development’ seekers. Their activities are however quoted as ‘sustainable development’. Whether or not the processes are acceptable to all sections of the society are never looked after or cared for.  Consequently the effects hamper the security of others and sometimes become harmful to them.

The attitude of modern society is often ‘one-sided’. These self-imposed guardians often look down the tribals and approach from their viewpoints that endanger their living, livelihood and social security. Hence the ‘provided security and development’ of the modern society to the tribals is nothing but its ‘disdainful attitude’.

The discourse concludes by taking example from mining affected Santhal tribal people from china clay and basalt quarry mining areas of Muhammadbazar block in Birbhum district. These Santhals who were basically cultivators were compelled to sell their piece of land and turn into landless mining labourers who are exploited from all quarters; particularly their women section. 

The riverine city of Kolkata with its characteristic physical set up is a classic example of human-induced influence on the entire hydro-geophysical characteristics of the region leading to geomorphic hazards like waterlogging. This has a profound subsequent implication on social and economic facets of the inhabitants. The severity of the waterlogging problem in the southwest part of Kolkata Municipal Corporation is highlighted in the present discussion where almost every individual tend to distort the micro-relief and natural slope of the area in the absence of any master plan. 

Lakes in Himalayas are one of the preferred tourist destinations of all ages. Their maintenance and usability is of   serious concern. The ‘Sumendu Lake’ popularly known as the ‘Mirik Lake’ is among the very few most visited tourist destinations of West Bengal. An assessment of its current status and condition holds special relevance for the geographers. Overall, this lake is exhibiting varying degrees of environmental degradation caused by encroachments, eutrophication (from domestic and commercial effluents) and siltation. The high population density ensures that many water bodies are under severe and direct pressure from anthropogenic activities in their catchments. With this aim in mind, the present work is an attempt to decipher the popular perception regarding the degeneration of lake with a futuristic outlook.

Credit cards are not just convenient, they stimulate economic growth. Credit cards have had a meaningful impact on the economy.Apart from its property of user friendliness and feasibility,it is eco-friendly for the environment.In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the environmental impact of card payment system of  India and comparison of this with other modes of payment system.It also includes some suggestions for future.

In recent years, water pollution is a burning problem all over India. Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, this problem has become a major concern because water is a basic human need, especially pure drinking water. As it has great importance for living creatures, a life cannot be sustained with polluted water. River is a significant source of water which is used in different purposes. But now-a-days, river water is polluted in different ways. As a result, it adversely affects the human health as well as environment. The root cause of a number of diseases is polluted water. Proper measures by civic authorities and awareness of people would control these problems. The present study deals with the problems of river water pollution along a part of the Bhagirathi-Hugli river and its impact on surrounding environment and it also tries to suggest some effective measures of management.

Kolkata is experiencing tremendous population pressure during the last few decades. It is an ever growing urban region which results the mounting pressure on environment in forms of increasing pollution level. Such a type of pollution is noise pollution which creates various related problems to people and environment.  The present paper deals with the scenario of increasing level of noise especially in the added areas of Kolkata.  

We investigate the entanglement properties of a pair of two-level atoms going through a cavity environment one after another. The initial joint state of two successive atoms that enter the cavity is separable. Interactions mediated by the cavity photon field environment result in the final two-atom state being of a mixed entangled type. We consider the Fock state field and thermal field inside the cavity, and calculate the entanglement of formation, the well-known measure appropriate for mixed states, of the joint two-atom state as a function of the Rabi-angle gt.

Mammalian hairs have certain advantages from the view point of taxonomy and systematics. So studies of surface structure of dorsal guard hairs have been carried out by various workers around the world including India. But information regarding the dorsal hair structure of the only gibbon found in India is scanty. The main aim of this paper is to identify the species on the basis of hair structure, which in turn may help agencies engaged in controlling illegal trade of wildlife and its derivates. Characters like transverse section, medullary configuration, cuticular structures and measurements of the hair are studied for analysis.

The importance of handicrafts is both cultural and economic. Sholapith craft is a traditional ritualistic craft, recently gained importance in the global market. The present study was conducted in Mahespur village of South 24 parganas district, W.B. during the period of October- November 2014. The study includes three-fold research objectives that are as follows- (1) how the production and marketing process of Sholapith craft function in Mahespur village? (2) how the sacred value of the articles are gradually transforming into the secular or commercialized form to fulfil the modern demand? and (3) how the artisans faced various problems related with this craft and they became the victim of exploitation of the middleman and the emerging entrepreneurs or exporters? The present effort is grounded by the ethnographic approach and methods, which became the principal pathway for collecting, sorting and interpreting the data. This study is qualitative in nature. The craftsmen narrated their experiences of how and why they faced problems with this craft. Total 40 participants were selected through purposive, convenience sampling. The craftsman, workshop owner, labours, exporters were interviewed, and who are directly involved with the sholapith craft. The present effort as an output is looking forward to contribute knowledge for better policies and action for the craftsmen of studied village.